Mawu Oyamba
Casting ndiye ukadaulo wakale kwambiri wazitsulo wopangira matenthedwe opangidwa ndi anthu, wokhala ndi mbiri pafupifupi zaka 6,000. Dziko la China lalowa m'nthawi yachitukuko cha kupanga bronze pakati pa 1700 BC ndi 1000 BC, ndipo luso lake lafika pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri. Zomwe zimapangidwira nkhungu zimatha kukhala mchenga, zitsulo kapena ceramic. Malingana ndi zofunikira, njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zimasiyana. Kodi mawonekedwe a njira iliyonse yoponya ndi yotani? Ndi zinthu zotani zomwe zili zoyenera kwa izo?
1. Kuponya mchenga
Kuponya zinthu: zipangizo zosiyanasiyana
Kuponya khalidwe: makumi magalamu makumi a matani, mazana matani
Kuponya pamwamba pabwino: kusakhala bwino
Mapangidwe oponya: osavuta
Mtengo wopangira: wotsika
Kuchuluka kwa ntchito: Njira zoponyera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Kujambula kwa manja ndi koyenera kwa zidutswa zing'onozing'ono, magulu ang'onoang'ono ndi ma castings akuluakulu okhala ndi mawonekedwe ovuta omwe ndi ovuta kugwiritsa ntchito makina opangira. Makina opangira makina ndi oyenera opangira apakati komanso ang'onoang'ono opangidwa m'magulu.
Makhalidwe a ndondomeko: Kujambula pamanja: kusinthasintha komanso kosavuta, koma kumakhala kosavuta kupanga, kuwonjezereka kwa ntchito, ndi kulondola kochepa komanso khalidwe lapamwamba. Makina opanga makina: kulondola kwapamwamba kwambiri komanso mawonekedwe apamwamba, koma ndalama zambiri.
Kufotokozera mwachidule: Kuponya mchenga ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zinthu masiku ano. Ndi oyenera zipangizo zosiyanasiyana. Ma aloyi achitsulo ndi ma alloys omwe si achitsulo amatha kuponyedwa ndi nkhungu zamchenga. Ikhoza kupanga ma castings kuyambira makumi a magalamu mpaka matani khumi ndi okulirapo. Kuipa kwa kuponya mchenga ndikuti kumangopanga ma castings ndi zinthu zosavuta. Ubwino waukulu wa kuponya mchenga ndi: mtengo wotsika mtengo. Komabe, potengera kumalizidwa kwapamtunda, kuponyedwa kwazitsulo, komanso kachulukidwe wamkati, ndizochepa. Pankhani yachitsanzo, imatha kukhala yopangidwa ndi manja kapena makina. Kujambula kwa manja ndi koyenera kwa zidutswa zing'onozing'ono, magulu ang'onoang'ono ndi ma castings akuluakulu okhala ndi mawonekedwe ovuta omwe ndi ovuta kugwiritsa ntchito makina opangira. Makina opangira makina amatha kuwongolera bwino kwambiri komanso kulondola kwapang'onopang'ono, koma ndalama zake ndizambiri.
2.Kuyika ndalama
Zida zoponyera: chitsulo choponyedwa ndi alloy non-ferrous
Kuponya khalidwe: magalamu angapo ma kilogalamu angapo
Ubwino woponya pamwamba: wabwino kwambiri
Mapangidwe oponya: zovuta zilizonse
Mtengo wopangira: Akapangidwa mochuluka, amakhala otsika mtengo kuposa kupanga makina.
Kuchuluka kwa ntchito: Magawo osiyanasiyana ang'onoang'ono komanso ovuta kuyika zitsulo zotayidwa ndi ma aloyi osungunuka kwambiri, makamaka oyenera kupangira zojambulajambula ndi zida zamakina zolondola.
Njira makhalidwe: dimensional zolondola, yosalala pamwamba, koma otsika kupanga dzuwa.
Kufotokozera mwachidule: Njira yopangira ndalama idayamba kale. M'dziko lathu, njira zopangira ndalama zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zodzikongoletsera za anthu olemekezeka panthawi ya Spring ndi Autumn. Zochita zamalonda nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kwambiri ndipo sizoyenera kuchita masewera akuluakulu. Njirayi ndi yovuta komanso yovuta kulamulira, ndipo zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kudyedwa ndizokwera mtengo. Choncho, ndizoyenera kupanga tizigawo tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono, zofunikira kwambiri, kapena zovuta kuchita zinthu zina, monga masamba a injini ya turbine.
3. Kutaya thovu kuponya
Kuponya zinthu: zipangizo zosiyanasiyana
Kuponya misa: magalamu angapo mpaka matani angapo
Kuponya pamwamba khalidwe: zabwino
Mapangidwe oponya: zovuta kwambiri
Mtengo wopangira: wotsika
Kuchuluka kwakugwiritsa ntchito: zovuta kwambiri komanso zosiyanasiyana zamitundu yosiyanasiyana m'magulu osiyanasiyana.
Makhalidwe a ndondomeko: Kuwona kwapamwamba kwa castings ndipamwamba, ufulu wa mapangidwe a castings ndi waukulu, ndipo ndondomekoyi ndi yosavuta, koma kuyaka kwa chitsanzo kumakhala ndi zotsatira zina za chilengedwe.
Kufotokozera Mwachidule: Kuponyera thovu kotayika ndikumangirira ndikuphatikiza parafini kapena mitundu ya thovu yofanana ndi kukula kwake ndi mawonekedwe ake kumagulu amitundu. Pambuyo potsuka ndi penti refractory ndi kuyanika, amakwiriridwa mu mchenga wouma wa quartz ndikugwedezeka kuti awoneke, ndikutsanuliridwa pansi pa zovuta kuti apange masango. Njira yatsopano yoponyera yomwe mtunduwu umasungunuka, chitsulo chamadzimadzi chimakhala pamalo achitsanzo, ndikulimbitsa ndikuzizira kuti apange kuponyera. Kutaya thovu ndi njira yatsopano yopanda malire komanso yolondola. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti nkhungu itenge, palibe malo olekanitsa, komanso mchenga wapakati. Chifukwa chake, kuponyera kulibe kung'anima, ma burrs, ndi kutsetsereka, ndipo kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa zolakwika zazikuluzikulu za nkhungu. Zolakwika zowoneka chifukwa cha kuphatikiza.
The pamwamba khumi kuponyera njira zosiyanasiyana ndondomeko makhalidwe. Popanga ma casting, njira zofananira ziyenera kusankhidwa pazosankha zosiyanasiyana. M'malo mwake, n'zovuta kunena kuti kuponya kovuta-kukula kuli ndi ubwino wonse. Popanga, aliyense amasankhanso njira yoyenera komanso njira yoyendetsera ntchito yotsika mtengo.
4. Centrifugal kuponyera
Kuponyera zinthu: imvi kuponyedwa chitsulo, ductile chitsulo
Ubwino woponya: ma kilogalamu khumi mpaka matani angapo
Kuponya pamwamba khalidwe: zabwino
Mapangidwe oponya: nthawi zambiri ma cylindrical castings
Mtengo wopangira: wotsika
Kuchuluka kwa ntchito: magulu ang'onoang'ono mpaka akulu amitundu yozungulira yozungulira ndi mipope yama diameter osiyanasiyana.
Mawonekedwe opangira: Castings ali ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba kwambiri, osalala pamwamba, mawonekedwe owundana, komanso kupanga bwino kwambiri.
Kufotokozera mwachidule: Centrifugal casting (centrifugal casting) amatanthauza njira yoponyera yomwe zitsulo zamadzimadzi zimatsanuliridwa mu nkhungu yozungulira, yodzazidwa ndi kulimba mu kuponyera pansi pa mphamvu ya centrifugal. Makina omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poponya centrifugal amatchedwa makina oponyera centrifugal.
[Mawu Oyamba] Patent yoyamba ya centrifugal casting idaperekedwa ndi British Erchardt mu 1809. Sizinafike kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000 pamene njira iyi idakhazikitsidwa pang'onopang'ono popanga. M'zaka za m'ma 1930, dziko lathu linayambanso kugwiritsa ntchito machubu a centrifugal ndi ma cylinder castings monga mapaipi achitsulo, manja amkuwa, zomangira zamkuwa, zida zamkuwa zamkuwa za bimetallic, ndi zina zotero. Komanso, mu odzigudubuza zitsulo zosagwira kutentha, zitsulo zina zapadera zopanda phokoso zopanda chubu, ng'oma zowumitsa makina a mapepala ndi madera ena opangira, njira yoponyera centrifugal imagwiritsidwanso ntchito bwino kwambiri. Pakalipano, makina opangira makina opangidwa ndi makina opangidwa ndi makina opangidwa ndi centrifugal apangidwa, ndipo malo opangira makina opangira mapaipi apakati amangidwa.
5. Kuthamanga kwapansi kochepa
Zida zoponyera: aloyi wopanda ferrous
Kutaya khalidwe: magalamu khumi kufika makumi a kilogalamu
Kuponya pamwamba khalidwe: zabwino
Mapangidwe oponya: zovuta (mchenga wapakati ulipo)
Mtengo wopangira: Mtengo wopangira mtundu wachitsulo ndiwokwera kwambiri
Kuchuluka kwa ntchito: timagulu tating'ono, makamaka timagulu tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono ting'ono ting'ono ting'ono ting'ono ting'ono ting'ono ting'ono ting'ono ting'ono ting'ono ting'onoting'ono.
Makhalidwe a ndondomeko: Mapangidwe oponyera ndi wandiweyani, zokolola zake ndizochuluka, zida zake ndizosavuta, ndipo zojambulajambula zosiyanasiyana zingagwiritsidwe ntchito, koma zokolola ndizochepa.
Kufotokozera mwachidule: Kuponyera kwapansi ndi njira yoponyera momwe zitsulo zamadzimadzi zimadzaza nkhungu ndikulimba mu kuponyera pansi pa mphamvu ya mpweya wochepa. Kuponyera kocheperako kumagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popanga ma aluminiyamu alloy castings, ndipo pambuyo pake kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kunakulitsidwanso kuti apange zopangira zamkuwa, zoponya zachitsulo ndi zitsulo zokhala ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri.
6. Kutulutsa mphamvu
Kuponyera zinthu: aluminium alloy, magnesium alloy
Kutaya khalidwe: magalamu angapo kufika makumi kilogalamu
Kuponya pamwamba khalidwe: zabwino
Mapangidwe oponya: zovuta (mchenga wapakati ulipo)
Ndalama zopangira: Makina opangira ufa ndi nkhungu ndizokwera mtengo kupanga
Kuchuluka kwa ntchito: Kupanga kwakukulu kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana yaing'ono ndi yapakatikati yopanda aloyi, zowulutsa zokhala ndi mipanda yopyapyala, komanso zosagwira ntchito.
Mawonekedwe amayendedwe: Ma Castings ali ndi mawonekedwe olondola kwambiri, osalala pamwamba, mawonekedwe owundana, kupanga bwino kwambiri, komanso mtengo wotsika, koma mtengo wamakina oponya ndi nkhungu ndi wokwera.
Kufotokozera mwachidule: Kuponderezana kuli ndi mikhalidwe iwiri ikuluikulu: kuthamanga kwambiri komanso kudzaza kothamanga kwambiri kwa nkhungu zoponya kufa. Kuthamanga kwake komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri kumachokera ku masauzande angapo mpaka makumi masauzande a kPa, kapena mpaka 2 × 105kPa. Liwiro lodzaza ndi pafupifupi 10 ~ 50m/s, ndipo nthawi zina limatha kufikira kupitilira 100m/s. Nthawi yodzaza ndi yochepa kwambiri, nthawi zambiri imakhala ya 0.01 ~ 0.2s. Poyerekeza ndi njira zina zoponyera, kuponyera kufa kuli ndi maubwino atatu otsatirawa: khalidwe labwino la mankhwala, kulondola kwapamwamba kwambiri kwa castings, kawirikawiri mofanana ndi mlingo 6 mpaka 7, kapena mpaka 4; kumaliza kwabwino, komwe kumakhala kofanana ndi 5 mpaka 8; mphamvu Ili ndi kuuma kwakukulu, ndipo mphamvu zake nthawi zambiri zimakhala 25% mpaka 30% kuposa za mchenga, koma kutalika kwake kumachepetsedwa ndi 70%; ali ndi miyeso yokhazikika komanso kusinthasintha kwabwino; imatha kuponyedwa ngati mipanda yopyapyala komanso yovuta. Mwachitsanzo, panopa osachepera khoma makulidwe a zinki aloyi kufa-kuponya mbali akhoza kufika 0.3mm; osachepera khoma makulidwe a zotayidwa aloyi castings akhoza kufika 0.5mm; osachepera kuponya dzenje awiri ndi 0.7mm; ndipo ulusi wocheperako phula ndi 0.75mm.
Nthawi yotumiza: May-18-2024
