一、Zisanu zofunika zomwe sizimayamikiridwa mosavuta pakutaya thovu
1. Kuthamanga mutu kutalika;
1) Kuti muwonetsetse kuti gawo lapamwamba kwambiri komanso lakutali kwambiri la kuponyera, ndikupeza kuponyera kokhala ndi mizere yomveka bwino komanso mawonekedwe athunthu, kutalika kuchokera pamalo okwera kwambiri kupita kumadzi amadzimadzi a kapu yothira kuyenera kukumana: hM≥Ltanα.
Kumene: hM--kuchepera kotsalira kwamutu kutalika (mm)
L-kuyenda kwachitsulo chosungunula, mtunda wopingasa wa mzere wapakati wa wothamanga wowongoka patali kwambiri poponya (mm)
α--kutsanulira kwapanikizi (°)
Kutalika kokwanira kwa mutu, pamene chitsulo chosungunula m'kati mwake chimakwera, pamakhala kupanikizika kokwanira kuti zitsimikizire kuthamanga kwachitsulo chosungunuka.
2) Mtundu wa thovu umatenthedwa panthawi yothira, kutulutsa mpweya wambiri. Kumbali imodzi, mpweya umayamwa chifukwa cha kupanikizika koipa, ndipo kachiwiri, amakankhidwa kunja kwa mtsempha ndi kukwera kwachitsulo chosungunuka ndi mphamvu yokwanira.
3) Zowonongeka monga kutsekeka kozizira, pores, ndi kuyika kwa kaboni komwe kumapangidwa kumtunda kwa kuponyera nthawi zambiri kumayamba chifukwa cha kusakwanira kwa mutu wamutu pansi pamikhalidwe yoyenera kuthira, kuthira kutentha ndi njira yothira.
2. Kupanikizika koipa;
1) Mageji amphamvu olakwika amayikidwa papaipi yayikulu, yomwe imatha kudziwa mosadukiza kupanikizika koyipa m'bokosi, koma sikungayimire kuchuluka kwenikweni kwamphamvu m'bokosi.
2) Chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa mapangidwe oponyera, ma castings ena amakhala ndi ndime zopapatiza mkati mwa mkati. Panthawi yothira, chifukwa cha mpumulo wa kupanikizika kapena kupanikizika kosakwanira, kupanikizika kolakwika mu gawo ili kudzakhala kochepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mphamvu ya nkhungu yosakwanira, mapindikidwe ndi kuphulika kwa kuponyera, ndi zolakwika monga mchenga wokutidwa ndi chitsulo, kukula kwa bokosi, ndi kugwa kwa bokosi. Maderawa ndi madera akhungu amphamvu.
3) Panthawi yothira, chifukwa cha ntchito yosayenera, filimu ya pulasitiki yosindikiza bokosilo imatenthedwa pamtunda waukulu, ndipo kupanikizika kwakukulu kumapangidwa chifukwa cha kusasindikiza bwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusowa kwakukulu kwa kupanikizika koipa mu bokosi. komanso ngakhale kupopera mbewu m'mbuyo panthawi yothira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kutsekedwa kozizira, kuthira kosakwanira komanso kuwonongeka kwa mpweya mu kuponyera. Bokosi limodzi limakhala ndi sieves angapo, ndipo thumba limodzi limakhala ndi mabokosi angapo othira, zomwe zimawonekera kwambiri.
Zoyenera kuchita:
A. Ikani chitoliro chosakhalitsa chosakhalitsa; chisanadze kudzaza utomoni mchenga; m'malo mchenga pachimake.
B. Kunenepa kwa chivundikiro cha mchenga ndikokwanira; chithandizo chisanadze amachitidwa mozungulira kapu kuthira, monga nsalu asibesitosi, utomoni mchenga, etc.; kupanikizika koipa kwa bokosi la mchenga lomwe linatsanulidwa kale kumachepetsedwa kapena kutsekedwa; mpope wachiwiri wa vacuum watsegulidwa.
3.Pewani zonyansa;
Panthawi yothira, zonyansa monga slag, mchenga, ufa wa phulusa, ndi zina zotero kunja kwa mbiya zimamizidwa muzitsulo ndi kutuluka kwachitsulo chosungunuka, ndipo zolakwika monga maenje a mchenga ndi mabowo a slag zidzawonekera poponya.
1) The refractoriness, mphamvu ndi kachulukidwe zinthu refractory wa chitsulo chosungunula ladle si mkulu. Panthawi yothira, imakhala yowonongeka ndi kusungunuka ndi chitsulo chosungunuka kwambiri, ndipo slag imapangidwa ndikuyandama; zotayirira granular aggregates kugwa kapena kutsukidwa ndi chitsulo chosungunuka.
2) Slag yopachikidwa pa ladle yakale sitsukidwa; kachulukidwe ndi refractoriness wa zinthu kukonza akalowa si mkulu, ndipo kugwirizana ndi akalowa choyambirira si wamphamvu.
3) Chotsitsa cha slag ndi slag aggregation agent sichigwira ntchito, ndipo pali zonyansa zobalalika ndi zolekanitsidwa pamwamba pa chitsulo chosungunuka.
4) Mukathira duckbill ladle, thonje la slag limayimitsidwa mumlengalenga ndikutaya ntchito yake ya slag.
5) Kuyika molakwika pakuthira, chitsulo chosungunula chimakhudza mchenga, ndipo mchenga umathira mu kapu yothira.
6) Zonyansa monga fumbi, mchenga, ndi dothi zimakhala mu inoculant.
Zoyenera kuchita:
A. Pakani ndi zotayira zosagwira kutentha kwambiri ndikugwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera zokonzera kukonza kwanuko.
B. Gwiritsani ntchito bwino kuchotsa slag ndi slag aggregation wothandizira.
C. Chikho chothira chimakhala choposa 50mm pamwamba pa mchenga, ndipo makapu otsanula oyandikana nawo amathiridwa ndi zophimba zotetezera. Kwa othira opanda luso, nsalu ya asibesitosi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzungulira kapu yothira kuti iteteze.
D. Kuphunzitsa ndi kuphunzitsa ogwira ntchito pa luso ndi kuwerenga.
E. Ikani fyuluta, perekani patsogolo kutsanulira pansi, ndipo makina otsanulira ali ndi ntchito yotseka slag.
F. Katemera amagulidwa pamalo osankhidwa ndikusungidwa bwino.
4. Kuthira kutentha;
Malinga ndi mawonekedwe a chitsulo chosungunula ndi mawonekedwe a mapangidwe a kuponyedwa, kutentha kochepa kumatsitsidwa kumatsimikiziridwa kuti kuwonetsetsa kuti mawonekedwe oponyera atha, m'mphepete ndi m'mphepete mwake zimakhala zomveka, ndipo palibe chilema chotseka chozizira mu khoma lopyapyala.
Thumba lachitsulo chosungunuka likatsanulidwa m'mabokosi angapo ndi zidutswa zingapo mubokosi limodzi, chikoka cha kuziziritsa kwachitsulo chosungunula pambuyo pake chimakhala chofunikira kwambiri.
1) Gwiritsani ntchito chikwama chotchinjiriza, nthawi zambiri onjezani wosanjikiza pakati pa chipolopolo chachitsulo ndi chosanjikiza;
2) Phimbani pamwamba pa thumba lachitsulo chosungunula ndi chosungunulira, slag ndi kusungunula kophatikizana;
3) Malire apamwamba a kutentha kuthira akhoza kuonjezedwa moyenerera popanda kukhudza zinthu, kukana kwa nkhungu yokutira wosanjikiza kumakhutitsidwa, ndipo palibe zolakwika zina zoponyera zomwe zimapangidwa. Mwachitsanzo, nyumba yamoto: kutentha kwa ng'anjo ndi 1630-1650 ℃, ndi kutentha kothira ndi 1470-1580 ℃;
4) Pamene pang'ono chitsulo chosungunuka chimasiyidwa kumapeto ndipo kutentha kuli kochepa, chiyenera kubwezeredwa ku ng'anjo kuti ichiritsidwe, kapena kupitiriza kupopera ndi kutsanulira;
5) Zidutswa zingapo zimatsanuliridwa mndandanda;
6) Kusintha kambiri pogogoda matumba ang'onoang'ono;
7) Kufupikitsa nthawi yothira, chikho chothira chimakonzedwa mosasintha, ndipo wothira ndi wokonza crane ali ndi luso komanso amalumikizana bwino.
5. Kuthira chilengedwe.
Popanga kupanga, pali mawu akuti "30% modeling ndi 70% kuthira", zomwe zikuwonetsa kufunikira kothira pakuponya.
Maluso ogwirira ntchito a wothira mafuta ndi ovuta kwambiri, koma sizingatheke kuti aliyense akhale "wogulitsa mafuta". Kupanga malo abwino othira madzi nthawi zambiri kumakhala kosavuta kuchita.
1) Kutalika kwapakamwa kwa ladle kuchokera kumtunda wapamwamba wa kapu yothira ndi ≤300mm, ndipo mtunda wopingasa pakati pa pakamwa ladle ndi mzere wapakati wa chikho chothira ndi ≤300mm;
2) Gwiritsani ntchito ladle ya duckbill, ndipo pakamwa ladle sikuyenera kukhala motalika kwambiri. [Kuchepetsa liwiro loyamba la chitsulo chosungunuka kusiya ladle pakamwa parabola ndi kufupikitsa mtunda yopingasa;
3) Popanga ndondomeko ndi kulongedza, chikho chotsanulira chiyenera kuikidwa pafupi ndi mbali yoponyera mchenga momwe zingathere, ndi mizere iwiri yochuluka;
4) Chikho chamtundu wa bokosi kapena chikho chowonjezera chakumbuyo;
5) Makina odzaza okha. Ladle ili pafupi ndi bokosi la mchenga, ndipo pakamwa pa ladle ili pafupi ndi kapu yothira m'mbali zonse zopingasa komanso zoyima, kotero ndikosavuta kupeza malo oyenera. Kuwongolera kwa trolley ndi kukweza kwa crane yapamwamba kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pakati, ndipo ladle imakhala yokhazikika, ndipo sikophweka kuswa kutuluka kapena zochitika zazikulu ndi zazing'ono;
6) Tiyi ya tiyi singakhale pafupi ndi bokosi la mchenga; wothira ali kutali ndipo sikophweka kupeza malo oyenera. Bokosi la mchenga limayikidwa mumizere ingapo. Mukathira nkhungu yapakati, pakamwa pa ladle ndipamwamba kwambiri kuchokera ku kapu yothira, ndipo mtunda wopingasa uli kutali, zomwe zimakhala zovuta kuzilamulira.
二、 Ductile iron valve body process design and analysis
1. Mapangidwe ndi mawonekedwe a castings;
1) Makhalidwe: valavu thupi, zakuthupi QT450-10, unit kulemera 50Kg, autilaini kukula 320×650×60mm;
2) Zomangamanga: khoma wandiweyani 60mm, khoma woonda 10mm, mkati mkati ndi njira yozungulira yozungulira;
3) Zofunikira zapadera: palibe zowonongeka kwa mpweya pakhoma lozungulira mpweya, palibe zolakwika monga mchenga, pores, shrinkage, etc. pazigawo zina zokonzedwa.
2.Kufananiza ndi kusanthula njira ziwiri zopangira gating system;
Plan 1,
1) Ikani molunjika, zidutswa ziwiri mu nkhungu imodzi, zigawo ziwiri za jekeseni wam'mbali, pansi pamakhala makamaka kudzazidwa, ndipo kumtunda kumalipidwa makamaka ndi shrinkage;
2) Njira yodutsamo ndi mchenga wophimbidwa, wokutidwa ndi utoto wotayika wa thovu lopangidwa ndi madzi, ndipo makulidwe ake ndi 1mm;
3) Khosi lokwera ndi lalifupi, lathyathyathya komanso lopyapyala, ndi kukula kwa 12 thick × 50 wide. Malo: kutali ndi malo otentha koma pafupi ndi malo otentha;
4) Riser kukula: 70 × 80 × 150mm mkulu;
5) Kutaya kutentha: 1470 ~ 1510 ℃.
Pulogalamu 2,
1) Ikani vertically, zidutswa ziwiri mu kuponyera kumodzi, zigawo ziwiri za kuponyera mbali, pansi makamaka kudzazidwa, ndi kumtunda makamaka shrinkage-kulipidwa;
2) Njira yodutsa mpweya ndi mchenga wothira mchenga, ndipo phulusa lotayika lopangidwa ndi madzi limagwiritsidwa ntchito kunja, ndi makulidwe a 1mm;
3) Khosi lokwera ndi lakuda ndi lalikulu, lokhala ndi miyeso: makulidwe 15 × m'lifupi 50. Malo: amaikidwa pamtunda wotentha wa geometric;
4) Kukula kwake: 80 × 80 × kutalika 160;
5) Kutsanulira kutentha: 1470 ~ 1510 ℃.
3. Zotsatira za mayeso;
Chiwembu 1, mkati ndi kunja kwa zidutswa 80%;
Pali mabowo ochepera 10% kuzungulira muzu wa khosi lokwera la zoponya zina;
Pambuyo pomaliza kuponya, ma castings ambiri amakhala ndi mabowo ocheperako komanso kuwonongeka kwa shrinkage kumunsi.
Chiwembu 2, mkati ndi kunja zinyalala mlingo 20%;
Zopangira zina zimakhala ndi mabowo ochepera 10% kuzungulira muzu wa khosi lokwera;
Pambuyo poponyedwa, palibe mabowo a shrinkage ndi zolakwika za shrinkage, koma pali zochepa za slag inclusions.
Kusanthula kwa 4.Simulation;
Muchisankho cha 1, pali chiopsezo cha kuchepa pamizu ndi m'munsi mwa khosi lokwera; zotsatira zofananira zimagwirizana ndi zolakwika zenizeni za kuponyera.
Muchiwembu chachiwiri, pali chiopsezo cha kuchepa pamizu ya khosi lokwera, ndipo zotsatira zofananitsa zimagwirizana ndi zolakwika zenizeni za kuponyera.
5. Kusintha kwa ndondomeko ndi kusanthula ndondomeko.
1) Kusintha kwa ndondomeko:
Pali shrinkage pa muzu wa chokwera, kusonyeza kuti mphamvu ya kutentha kwa chokwera ndi yaying'ono. Pamaziko a chiwembu 2, chokwera ndi chokwera khosi chimakulitsidwa moyenera.
Kukula koyambirira: riser 80 × 80 × kutalika 160 riser khosi 15 × 50;
Pambuyo kusintha: riser 80 × 90 × kutalika 170 riser khosi 20 × 60;
Zotsatira zotsimikizirika: zowonongeka ndi zowonongeka zimachotsedwa, ndipo mitengo yamkati ndi yakunja yazitsulo ndi ≤5%.
2) Kusanthula ndondomeko:
Ikani ndege ziwiri zazikulu kumbali, ndikuponya zidutswa ziwirizo motsatizana. Malo owonetsera oima ndi ochepa kwambiri, ndipo ndege yaikulu ili pamtunda, zomwe zimathandiza kuchepetsa kutulutsa mpweya nthawi yomweyo; ndipo zambiri zofunika pokonza malo ali kumbali.
Kuponyera mbali ziwiri zosanjikiza, njira yotsegulira yotseguka. Wothamanga wam'mwamba amapendekera m'mwamba, ndipo malo otsika a ingrate ndi aakulu kuposa othamanga owongoka, kotero kuti chitsulo chosungunula chimayikidwa kuchokera pansi choyamba, chomwe chimapangitsa kuti chitsulo chosungunula chikhale chosalala. The thovu vaporize wosanjikiza ndi wosanjikiza, ndi ingrate mofulumira kutsekedwa. Mpweya ndi slag sungathe kulowa m'mimba, kupewa kuwonongeka kwa carbon ndi slag inclusions.
Chitsulo chosungunuka chikakwera kufika pamtunda wa muzu wa chokwera chapamwamba, chitsulo chosungunuka chochuluka chotentha kwambiri chimayamba kulowa m’bowo kudzera m’chokwera. Chokweracho chimatenthedwa kwambiri ndipo chimafanana ndi chokwera chotentha, osati chokwera kwambiri, chifukwa patsekeke amafunika kukwera pang'ono chitsulo chosungunula chosungunuka kupyolera pansi pa ingrate, kotero kuti voliyumu ya riser ndi yaikulu kuposa yowonjezera yotentha, kotero kuti chimalimba potsiriza.
Wothamanga wolumikiza chothamanga chapamwamba chowongoka ndi chokwera ayenera kukhala chopukutira ndi khosi lokwera. Ngati ndipamwamba, gawo la m'munsi la chokwera ndi chitsulo chosungunula chozizira, chiwongoladzanja chokwera mtengo chimachepetsedwa kwambiri, ndipo kutsekedwa kozizira ndi kuwonongeka kwa carbon kudzawonekera kumtunda kwa kuponyera, zomwe zatsimikiziridwa pochita.
Ndi njira yothira yotsekedwa, chitsulo chosungunula chimakwera kufika pamtunda wina, ndipo chitsulo chosungunula chimalowa m'mimba kuchokera kumtunda ndi kumunsi kwa madzi nthawi yomweyo. Panthawiyi, chokwera chimakhala chowotcha chokwera, ndipo kutalika kwa wothamanga pamtanda kulumikiza chokwera kumakhala ndi zotsatira zochepa.
Dongosolo lotsegulira lotseguka lilibe ntchito ya slag, ndipo fyuluta iyenera kukhazikitsidwa pamadzi olowera kumtunda ndi kumunsi.
Pakatikati panjira yapanjira yozunguliridwa ndi chitsulo chosungunula ndipo chilengedwe ndi choyipa. Chifukwa chake, pachimake kuyenera kukhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, kukana, ndi kupasuka. Pakatikati pa mchenga amagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo pamwamba pake amakutidwa ndi phulusa lotayika. Kutalika kwa tsinde ndi 1 mpaka 1.5 mm.
Zokambirana za PS pazowonjezera chakudya cha shrinkage,
1) Khosi lokwera liri pa malo enieni otentha a node, makulidwe ndi malo sangakhale ochepa kwambiri [modulus sangakhale yaying'ono kwambiri], ndipo wothamanga wamkati akulumikiza chokwera ndi chathyathyathya, chowonda komanso chachitali. Chokwera ndi chachikulu.
2) Khosi lokwera liri kutali ndi malo enieni otentha, koma pafupi ndi node yotentha, yosalala, yopyapyala komanso yochepa. Chokwera ndi chaching'ono.
Kuchuluka kwa khoma la kuponyera ndi kwakukulu, kotero 1 imasankhidwa); makulidwe a khoma la kuponyera ndi ochepa, kotero 2 amasankhidwa).
Chiwembu 3 [Sichinayesedwe]
1) Jekeseni kuchokera pamwamba, chitsulo chosungunula chimalowa m'bowo kudzera mu chokwera, chokwera chowonadi chotentha;
2) Othamanga a sprue ndi riser ndi apamwamba kuposa khosi lokwera;
3) Ubwino: zosavuta kubwezera shrinkage ndi zosavuta kudzaza nkhungu;
4) Zoyipa: Kudzaza kwachitsulo kosakhazikika, kosavuta kutulutsa zilema za kaboni.
三, Nkhani zisanu ndi imodzi zomwe akatswiri oponya ayenera kulabadira
1) Kumvetsetsa bwino mawonekedwe, zofunikira zaukadaulo ndi mawonekedwe apadera azinthu,
[Kucheperako makulidwe a khoma, njira yolowera mpweya, chitetezo, kuthamanga kwambiri, kutayikira, malo ogwiritsa ntchito]
2) Fufuzani zovuta zomwe zimakonda kuchitika popanga ndikugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa kapena zinthu zina zofananira,
[Zambiri zikuwoneka zosavuta, koma bisani zovuta]
3) Sankhani njira yabwino yoponyera,
[Njira yotayika ya thovu ili ndi mbali zambiri zotetezera, kutayikira, kuthamanga kwambiri, ndi zina zotero, zomwe sizili yankho labwino]
4) Pazinthu zatsopano zomwe zimaperekedwa m'magulu, ndikofunikira kuitana gulu la akatswiri odziwa zambiri kuti liwonetse, kuwunikira ndikuwongolera,
[Anthu amayamba kufuna thandizo atabadwa]
5) Pamene mitundu yoponyamo imakhala yovuta, yosinthika, ndipo kuchuluka kwake kuli kochepa, kuyerekezera koyambirira ndikofunikira kwambiri,
[Chepetsani kuchuluka kwa mayeso ndikuwatsata]
6).
四, Milandu Yodziwika
1) Kwa chipolopolo chochepetsera chitsulo chagalimoto, njira yabwino kwambiri yoponyera ndikuphimba nkhungu yachitsulo ndi mchenga. Zokolola za ndondomekoyi ndi 85%, ndipo chiwerengero cha zidutswa zonse ndi ≤5%. Ubwino ndi wokhazikika komanso kupanga bwino ndipamwamba; njira yotayika ya thovu ndiyolephera.
[Zinali zotheka kuchita zoyeserera ku United States. Chifukwa cha kutsimikiza kwa kapangidwe kake ndi zofunikira zaukadaulo, kuwonjezera pakubweza kwa chiwongola dzanja chokwera komanso miyeso yachitsulo yozizira yam'deralo, kuthamanga kwa kuzizira kozizira ndikofunikira kwambiri. ]
2) Pamabulaketi achitsulo amtundu wa ductile amagalimoto, njira yotayika ya thovu siyenera. Zowonongeka zilizonse zoponyera mkati mwa kuponyera zimatha kuyambitsa fractures pakagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ngati 1% ya zolakwika zamkati za kaboni zimachitika, zonena ndi chindapusa zidzaperekedwa pambuyo pake, zomwe zingakupangitseni kutaya zonse zomwe munachita kale ndikusokonekera. Chiwerengero cha zigawo zing'onozing'ono ndi zazikulu, ndipo 100% kuzindikira zolakwika sikungatheke.
Kwa bulaketi ya shaft yagalimoto, zinthuzo ndi QT800-5, ndipo njira yotayika ya thovu ndiyosafunikira. Ngakhale kuponyera kulibe chilema, graphite ndi coarse chifukwa cha kuzizira kwapang'onopang'ono kuthamanga kwa kuponyera, ndipo chithandizo chotsatira cha kutentha chimakhala chopanda mphamvu.
3) Kukula kwa aluminiyumu amatha ndi 30mm mu makulidwe a khoma, 500mm m'mimba mwake kunja, ndi 1000mm kutalika. Chidebe cha zinyalala za nyukiliya, palibe cholakwika mkati mwa kuponyera. Japan nthawi ina idafunsa China, yomwe imadziwika kuti ndi mphamvu yoponya, kuti ipange pamtengo wokwera 10 kuposa mtengo wamsika. Gulu la olamulira a dziko litaunikanso, mawu akuti "singathe kuchita".
[Kusungunula ndi kuthira zonse kuyenera kukhala pamalo opanda mpweya kuti zitsimikizire kuti zili bwino]
4) Kampani yayikulu yotaya thovu yomwe idatayika idawononga ndalama zambiri pakutayika kwa thovu la magawo achitsulo. Idapempha gulu loyendetsa dziko kuti liwatsogolere, koma zidalephera. Tsopano zasintha kukhala mchenga wadongo komanso kupanga mzere wa static pressure.
5) Kumanga mtedza ndikosavuta kwambiri ndipo kumafuna kuti musamasuke. M'mbuyomu, Japan yekha ndi amene ankapanga izo padziko lapansi. Zina zimawoneka zosavuta, koma zimakhala zovuta kwambiri.
6) Kwa chitsulo chotuwa, nyumba yamagalimoto, bedi, benchi yogwirira ntchito, nyumba yama gearbox, nyumba zowakira ndi zida zina zamabokosi, njira yotayika ya thovu ndiyo njira yabwino kwambiri.
7) Chithovu chotayika chimawotchedwa choyamba ndikutsanuliridwa, komanso kuumba kwachipolopolo chopanda kanthu, chomwe chimabweretsa kuwala kwa kupanga zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndi duplex zitsulo zokhala ndi zofunikira zapadera pazigawo zachitetezo, kutayikira, kukana kuthamanga kwambiri, etc.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jul-08-2024
